Approaches to Sustainable Urban Development Paragraph A Green infrastructure (GI) represents an integrated network of natural and semi-natural areas designed to provide environmental, social, and economic benefits to urban communities. Unlike traditional grey infrastructure, which primarily focuses on engineering solutions, GI leverages ecological processes to manage challenges such as stormwater runoff, air pollution, and the urban heat island effect. Examples include urban parks, green roofs, permeable pavements, and tree-lined streets, which collectively absorb rainfall, filter pollutants, and provide shade. By promoting biodiversity and improving aesthetic appeal, GI also contributes significantly to residents' well-being and strengthens local ecosystems, enhancing the city's overall resilience to climate change impacts. Paragraph B The implementation of circular economy principles within urban planning fundamentally shifts the approach to resource management. This model seeks to decouple economic growth from finite resource consumption by designing out waste and pollution, keeping products and materials in use, and regenerating natural systems. In an urban context, this translates to initiatives such as industrial symbiosis, where waste from one industry becomes a resource for another, and the establishment of local repair and reuse centres. The objective is to create closed-loop systems where materials flow efficiently within the city, maximising their value and significantly reducing the demand for virgin resources and landfill space. Paragraph C Smart city technologies are increasingly pivotal in advancing urban sustainability goals, primarily through enhanced data collection and analytical capabilities. Utilising a pervasive network of Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, urban planners can monitor environmental parameters such as air quality, water consumption, and traffic congestion in real-time. This granular data enables predictive analytics and optimised resource allocation across various municipal services, leading to greater efficiency in energy grids, public transportation systems, and waste collection routes. While requiring significant investment in digital infrastructure, these technological interventions offer the potential for dynamic management of urban systems, promising substantial improvements in operational effectiveness and environmental performance. Questions 1-5 Look at the following statements (Questions 1-5) and the paragraphs (A-C) below. Match each statement with the correct paragraph. Write the correct letter A-C in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. You may use any letter more than once. 1. Mentions the use of digital networks to enhance operational effectiveness. 2. Describes strategies for converting discarded materials into valuable commodities. 3. Highlights the role of natural systems in managing urban water runoff. 4. Refers to a concept that extends the utility of products through reuse and repair within an urban context. 5. Suggests methods for reducing the warming effect of metropolitan areas.