Modern Physics Notes

This section is highly scoring because it is largely theoretical and formula-driven.

- Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation: Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations, Einstein's photoelectric equation, particle nature of light, matter waves, and the de Broglie relation.
- Atoms and Nuclei: Alpha-particle scattering experiment, Rutherford's and Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom, energy levels, composition and size of nucleus, mass-energy relation, mass defect, and nuclear fission and fusion.
- Electronic Devices (Semiconductors): Energy bands in solids, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, $p-n$ junction diode, $I-V$ characteristics in forward and reverse bias, and the diode as a rectifier (half-wave and full-wave).